Tuva and Shoigu ...

Sergei Shoigu, Sergej Kužugetovič Šojgu, Minister of Defence of the Russian  Federation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From the entry: "Notable people Sergei Shoygu  (born 1955 [in Tuva])

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image (not from above entry) from, with caption:  Krukesh wrestlers from Kyzyl,  the capital of the Turva [JB - sic] republic, await their term turn on the field of battle   

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Tuva Republic
Republic
Республика Тыва
Other transcription(s)
 • TuvanТыва Республика
Центр Азии август 2015г.jpg
Flag of Tuva Republic
Flag
Coat of arms of Tuva Republic
Coat of arms
Anthem: Men – Tyva Men
3:24
Map of Russia - Tuva.svg
Coordinates: 51°47′N 94°45′E
CountryRussia
Federal districtSiberian[1]
Economic regionEast Siberian[2]
CapitalKyzyl
Government
 • BodyGreat Khural[3]
 • Acting Head[5]Vladislav Khovalyg[4]
Area
[6]
 • Total170,500 km2 (65,800 sq mi)
 • Rank21st
Population
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • Total307,930
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
321,722 (+4.5%)
 • Rank77th
 • Density1.8/km2 (4.7/sq mi)
 • Urban
53.1%
 • Rural
46.9%
Time zoneUTC+7 (MSK+4 Edit this on Wikidata[9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-TY
License plates17
OKTMO ID93000000
Official languagesRussian;[10] Tuvan[11]
Websitehttps://rtyva.ru
Tuva
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicТува
Russian name
RussianТыва́
RomanizationTyva
Tuvan name
TuvanТыва Республика
Tuvan Transliteration name
Tuvan TransliterationTyva Respublika

Tuva (/ˈtuːvə/; Russian: Тува́) or Tyva (Tuvan: Тыва), officially the Tyva Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Тыва́; Tuvan: Тыва Республика, romanized: Tyva Respublika [tʰɯˈʋa resˈpʰuplika]), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic, also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a state).[12]

The Tuvan republic lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and Mongolia to the south. The region is also claimed by the Taiwanese major political party Kuomintang as part of the Republic of China. In the 2010 Russian census, the territory claimed a population of 307,930 (2010 census).[7] Its capital is the city of Kyzyl.

From 1921 to 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent, but partially recognized nation, acknowledged only by its neighbors the Soviet Union and Mongolia.[13] It was known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926 and thereafter as the Tuvan People's Republic.[14] A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. Tuva is governed by the Great Khural, which elects a chairman to four-year terms.

History[edit]

Main article: History of Tuva
See also: History of the Tuvan people
Map of the Tuva Republic.

The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 AD) and the Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the Yenisei Kyrgyz (7th – 13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758).[15] Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds, inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan republic.[15]

From 1758 to 1911, it was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia.[16] During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups.[17] Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing protectorate over the then independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers were already settled in Tuva at that time.[18] Tuva became nominally independent as the Uryankhay Republic before being brought under Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914.[19]

A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar").[20] Meanwhile, in 1911 Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Aleksandr Kolchak's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named the governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav.[21]

From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic, popularly called Tannu-Tuva. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl, meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure an independent state between the World Wars. The state's ruler, Chairman Donduk Kuular, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East.[22]

In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943 Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically reduced.[23]

Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament) but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic after the Soviet victory in World War II.[24] Salchak Toka, the leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[25] It became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, on 10 October 1961.[24]

Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tuva in 2007

In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei, a philologist at Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both were in short supply), and also to improve the status of Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks and attacks on outlying settlements with 168 murdered.[26] Russian troops eventually were called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access.[27]

Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. A new constitution for the republic was drawn up on 22 October 1993. This created a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which deals with local legislation.[28] This constitution was passed by 53.9% (or 62.2%, according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993.[29] At the same time, the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва).[30]

Geography[edit]

The geographic "center of Asia", 2015

The republic is situated in the far south of Siberia. Its capital city of Kyzyl is located near the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, and the west is a drier lowland.

Rivers[edit]

There are over 8,000 rivers in the republic. The area includes the upper course of the Yenisei River, the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries. There are also numerous mineral springs in the area.

Major rivers include:

Lakes[edit]

There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes, including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km2) – the largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site).

Mountains[edit]

The area of the republic is a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of the territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier.

Demographics[edit]

Population: 307,930 (2010 Census);[7] 305,510 (2002 Census);[31] 309,129 (1989 Census).[32]

Vital statistics[edit]

Vital statistics
  • Average life expectancy: Tuva: 56.5 (average male and female, UNDP data); Russia: (UN data) Male 59 (world rank 166); Female 73 (127)
A girl and a boy riding their horses

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2010 Census,[7] Tuvans make up 82.0% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (16.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group		1959 census1970 census1979 census1989 census2002 census2010 census1
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Tuvans97,99657.0%135,30658.6%161,88860.5%198,44864.3%235,31377.0%249,29982.0%
Russians68,92440.1%88,38538.3%96,79336.2%98,83132.0%61,44220.1%49,43416.3%
Khakas1,7261.0%2,1200.9%2,1930.8%2,2580.7%1,2190.4%8770.3%
Others3,2821.9%5,0532.2%6,7252.5%9,0202.9%7,5262.5%4,4271.4%
18,689 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[34]

As can be seen above, during the period 1959–2010 there has been more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 50% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan (Turkic) and Russian (Slavic).

Tuvans in 2016

Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as the atheist ideology crept in, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream.[35]

Ethnic Russians make up 34.3% of the population (as of 2010 Census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers.[36] Russians account for 29.1% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 28.4% in Kyzyl.[37]

Religion[edit]

Buddhist temple of Kyzyl (Цеченлиң/Tsechenling).
Religion in Tuva as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[38][39]
Buddhism
 
61.8%
Atheism and irreligion
 
11.8%
Tengrism and Tuvan Shamanism
 
8%
Spiritual but not religious
 
7.6%
Other and undeclared
 
7.2%
Other Christians
 
1.4%
Protestantism
 
1.4%
Russian Orthodoxy
 
0.8%

Two religions are widespread among the people of Tuva: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama. In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days.[40] On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days previously.[41]

The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions.[42]

Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries.[43] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing.[44][45]

According to a 2012 survey,[38] 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism, 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity, 1% to Protestantism. In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.[38]

Politics[edit]

President of the Republic of Tuva Sholban Kara-ool (right) in 2016

The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993.

The head of the government in Tuva is the Chairman of the Government, who is elected for a four-year term. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak. On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[46] Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007.[47] Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg.

Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural, has 162 seats; each deputy is elected to serve a four-year term.

Transportation[edit]

Tuva does not have a railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there. [48] The Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line was scheduled to be completed in 2026.

Tuva is served by Kyzyl Airport.

Culture[edit]

A yurt in Tos Bulak.
Tuvan throat singer Kongar-ool Ondar.

Traditionally the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt-dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which the singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuva National Orchestra, on events such as the 'International Khoomei Day', held at the National Tuvinian Theatre, Kyzyl.[49]

The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving soft stone (agalmatolite). A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals such as horses.[50]

Important archaeological excavation in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1,[51] dating to the ninth Century BC.[52] and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed. [53] A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl.[49]

Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[54]

Religion[edit]

Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and to predict the future.[49]

In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes. The temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl – the residence of Khambo Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions In the old believers ' settlements were able to collect and record of conservatives extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[49]

Music[edit]

Main article: Music in the Tuva Republic

Sports[edit]

Bandy, a sport similar to ice hockey, is played in Tuva.[55] Mongolian-style wrestling is very popular, as are most martial arts.[56] Horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area.[57]

Miscellaneous[edit]

Tuvan Stamp from 1927.
  • In the 1920s and 1930s, postage stamps from Tuva were issued. Many philatelists have been fascinated with Tuva because of these stamps. The stamps were issued mainly during the brief period of Tuvan independence and were not accepted by serious collectors until recently as they were thought to be produced in Moscow and not to represent a genuine postal service.[58]
  • According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to the native peoples of North and South America.[59]
  • Physicist Richard Feynman details in his autobiographical works that he became fascinated with Tuva as a child and was able to make limited contact with the country despite the constraints of the Soviet period. His unsuccessful attempts to visit were detailed in Tuva or Bust!.
  • The Sayan Mountains in Tuva were featured in Bear Grylls' Man vs Wild adventure TV show.[60]

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ Constitution, Article 10.2
  4. ^ Vladislav Khovalyg appointed Acting Head of Tuva (in Russian)
  5. ^ Constitution, Article 10.3
  6. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (21 May 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  10. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  11. ^ Constitution, Article 5.1
  12. ^ "Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System | The Constitution of the Russian Federation". Constitution.ru. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  13. ^ Alatalu, Toomas (1 January 1992). "Tuva. A State Reawakens". Soviet Studies. 44 (5): 881–95. doi:10.1080/09668139208412051. JSTOR 152275.
  14. ^ Toomas Alatalu (1992). "Tuva: a State Reawakens". Soviet Studies. 44 (5): 881–895. doi:10.1080/09668139208412051. JSTOR 152275.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003.
  16. ^ Shurkhuu, D. (2014). "Similarities and Differences between Mongolia and Tuva in the Evolution of Bilateral Ties" (PDF). Senri Ethnological Studies. 86: 127–144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  17. ^ L. Zhazhmsran. 1995
  18. ^ "Статья в Мегаэнциклопедии Кирилла и Мефодия". megabook.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  19. ^ Robertson, P. (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  20. ^ "Kyzyl city, Russia info, features, photos". russiatrek.org. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  21. ^ Shuldyakov, V.A. (2008). Сибирские казаки в Урянхайском крае (1918 – 1919): неизвестная страница Гражданской войны (in Russian). Vol. 3 (Современные научные исследования: теория, методология, практика: Сб. науч. тр. профессорско-препод. состава по итогам отчетов кафедры обществен-ных наук по НИР за 2007 г. Вып. 2. ed.). Omsk: ANO VPO "Omsk Economic Institute" Press. pp. 114–132.
  22. ^ Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 281. ISBN 052-147-771-9.
  23. ^ "Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  24. ^ Jump up to:a b "ТЫВА Tuva". hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Сын своего времени". tuva.asia (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  26. ^ Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pg. 230
  27. ^ "Tuva". Geographic Bureau — Siberia and Far East/Tuva. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  28. ^ "Конституция Республики Тыва". gov.tuva.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  29. ^ ”Tyva republic approves own constitution”, BBC Monitoring Service, December 15, 1993.
  30. ^ "Конституция Республики Тува — ОСНОВЫ КОНСТИТУЦИОННОГО СТРОЯ Статья 1. п 2" (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2020. The names Republic of Tuva and Tuva are equivalent
  31. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  32. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  33. ^ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики (in Russian). Gks.ru. 8 May 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  34. ^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  35. ^ condor.depaul.edu (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20110909103142/http://condor.depaul.edu/rrotenbe/aeer/v17n2/Fridman.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyva.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tuva.




 

 










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